Workers, Managers, and Technological Change

I. Introduction.- 1 Workers, Managers, and Technological Change.- I. Introduction.- II. The Growing Concern with Control.- III. Labor’s Changing Responses to Technological Change.- A. From Provider to Advocate: The Changing Role of the Unionin Responding to Technological Change.- B. Labor’s Measures for Preventing TechnologicalUnemployment.- C. Relief for the Displaced Worker.- IV. Plan of the Book.- II. Toward Unilateral Managerial Control?.- 2 Microchips and Macroharvests: Labor-Management Relations in Agriculture.- I. Political Economy of Agriculture and Unionization.- II. Structural Change and Its Consequences.- III. A Different Approach to Unionization.- A. Stability.- B. Product Boycotts.- IV. The Technological Challenge to Labor-Management Relations.- A. Tomatoes: The Mechanical Solution.- B. Lettuce: Squeezing the Labor Market.- V. Conclusion.- 3 The Eclipse of Craft: The Changing Face of Labor in the Newspaper Industry.- I. Introduction.- II. The Context of Technological Change: Industrial Dualism in theNewspaper Industry.- III. Technological Change and the Decline of Craftsmanship.- A. Composing Room.- B. Platemaking.- C. Pressroom.- D. Mailroom.- IV. Changes in Labor-Management Relations.- A. The Decline of Craft Consciousness and Control.- B. Craft Unionism in Transition: Toward Industrial Unionism?.- V. Conclusion.- 4 Technology and Control of the Labor Process: Fifty Years of Longshoring on the U.S. West Coast.- I. Introduction.- II. Control and Technology.- III. Technological Changes in Longshoring.- IV. Longshore Employment.- V. Collective Bargaining and Technology.- A. The Early Years (1934-1960).- B. The Mechanization and Modernization Agreements (1961-1970).- C. Post Mechanization and Modernization (1971-1984).- VI. The Shift in Control.- VII. Conclusions.- 5 Technological Change and Labor Relations in the United States Postal Service.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Issues in the Analysis of Technology and LaborRelations.- A. Labor-Management Relations in Public Sector Organizations.- B. Technology and Labor Relations.- III. Technological Change in Mail Processing.- A. Mechanized and Automated Mail Processing.- B. The Nationwide Bulk Mail System.- C. Computerization of Mail Forwarding and Window Service.- IV. Labor Relations in the Post Office Prior to Reorganization.- A. Executive Orders 10978 and 10988 and Formal UnionRecognition in the Post Office.- V. Changes in the Postal Organization Structure after Passage of theReorganization Act.- VI. Postal Labor Relations, 1971-1985.- A. Conflicts over Wages and Job Security.- B. Further Conflict over Economic Control: Hiring, Promotion, Overtime, and Training.- C. Deskilling and Degradation of Postal Jobs.- D. Political Control: The Pace of Change and Work Standards.- E. Reassignment.- F. Safety and Health.- VII. Summary and Conclusion.- 6 Office Automation, Clerical Workers, and Labor Relations in the Insurance Industry.- I. Introduction.- II. Occupational Sex Segregation in Insurance.- III. The Impact of Technological and Organizational Change on The Insurance Industry Work Force.- A. Technological Change and Diffusion in the Insurance Industry.- B. Technology-Related Shifts in the Insurance Occupational Structure.- C. Displacement, Reassignment and Retraining.- D. Job Satisfaction and Interpersonal Work Relationships.- E. Declining Real Earnings in Insurance.- IV. Clerical Labor Relations in Insurance.- A. Clerical Workers: Organization and Issues.- B. Management’s Stance toward Clerical Labor.- C. The Disjunction between Clerical Labor and Management.- 7 Computerized Instruction, Information Systems, and School Teachers: Labor Relations in Education.- I. Introduction.- II. Conceptual Approach.- III. The Nature of Educational Organizations and Professional Autonomy.- IV. Teachers and Their Associations.- V. Technological Change in Education.- A. Computers in Education.- B. Development and Diffusion of Computers.- VI. The Effect of Technological Change on Teachers and Principals.- A. Computers, Educational Reform and Autonomy: National Developments.- B. Technological Change and Schools: The Local Level.- C. Computers and Professional Autonomy.- VII. Conclusions.- 8 Technology, Air Traffic Control, and Labor-Management Relations.- I. Introduction.- II. Developments in Air Control Technology.- III. Growing Concern with Hardware Adequacy.- IV. Changes in Air Control Labor Relations.- V. The 1981 Negotiations.- VI. Patco Decertification.- VII. Labor-Management Conflict over Workplace Control.- VIII. Conclusion.- III. Toward Labor-Management Cooperation?.- 9 Changing Technologies and Consequences for Labor in Coal Mining.- I. Introduction.- II. A Changing Industry.- A. Changes in the Use of Coal.- B. Technological Changes in the Production of Coal.- III. Changes among Miners and Managers.- A. Changes among Miners.- B. Changes among Managers.- IV. The Relations of Coal Miners and Coal Managers.- A. Miners, Managers and Mediation, 1945-1950.- B. Miners and Managers in Accord, 1950-1972.- C. Miners and Managers Without Accord, 1972 to Present.- V. Conclusion.- 10 Conflict, Cooperation, and the Global Auto Factory.- I. Introduction.- II. The Legacy of Conflict and Post-War Labor Relations.- A. Origins in Conflict—Pre-1950.- B. Post-War Balance of Power.- C. Collective Bargaining Issues and Agreements.- III. Causes of the Shift in Labor Relations.- A. Technological Change.- B. Economic Transition and Corporate Revitalization.- C. The Conflict over Control.- D. The Shift in the Balance of Power.- IV. The Emergence of New Labor Relations.- A. Job Security Measures.- B. Sharing the Wealth.- C. QWL and Cooperative Work Practices.- D. Strategic Planning and Decision Making.- V. Conclusion.- 11 Technological Change, Market Decline, and Industrial Relations in the U.S. Steel Industry.- I. Introduction.- II. The Steel Industry: A Brief Portrait.- III. Technological Change in the Steel Industry.- A. Technological Changes.- B. Management’s Failure to Introduce New Technologies.- IV. The Impact of Technological Changes on Skill Requirements.- V. The Emergence of Cooperative Labor Relations in Steel.- A. Labor-Management Relations over the Last Two Decades: The Collective Bargaining Agreements.- B. Labor’s Response to Technological Change.- C. Rise in Cooperative Arrangements and USWA Changes.- 12 Computer-Based Automation and Labor Relations in the Construction Equipment Industry.- I. Introduction.- II. Changes in Product Demand and Employment.- III. Technological Change and Employment Trends.- IV. Labor Relations.- A. Labor Relations History, 1960-1984.- B. Analysis of Changes in Labor Relations.- V. Conclusion.- 13 The Impact of Technological Change on Labor Relations in the Commercial Aircraft Industry.- I. Introduction.- II. Technological Change in Aircraft Production.- III. The Issue of Job Security.- IV. Unions in the Aircraft Industry.- V. Collective Bargaining in Aricraft Production: Recent Trends.- VI. Conclusions.- 14 Technological Change in the Public Sector: The Case of Sanitation Service.- I. Characteristics of Sanitation Service.- II. Conceptualizing Technological Change and Public Sector Labor Relations.- III. Quantitative Analysis of Technological Change, Sanitation Employment, and Unionization.- IV. Technological Change and the Sanitation Labor Relations Process.- V. The Sanitation Labor Relations Experience in Larger Context.- 15 Deregulation, Technological Change, and Labor Relations in Telecommunications.- I. Technological Change in Telecommunications.- II. The Political Economy of Telecommunications Regulation.- III. The Changing Industrial Organization of Telecommunications.- IV. Changes in the Workplace and Labor Relations.- A. Job Security.- B. Quality of Working Life.- C. Changing Labor Relations.- V. Conclusion.- IV. Conclusion.- 16 Labor-Management Cooperation or Managerial Control: Emerging Patterns of Labor Relations in the United States.- I. Introduction.- II. Theories of Work Place Control.- III. Developments in Labor-Management Cooperation.- A. World War I: Legitimizing Collective Representation.- B. 1920s: Collective Bargaining or Employee Representation?.- C. World War II: Limited Formal Cooperation.- D. 1970s-Present: Labor-Management Cooperation or Managerial Control?.- IV. Emerging Patterns of Labor Relations in the United States.