Response to Marine Oil Pollution

1: Setting the Scene. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. The Influence of the Torrey Canyon Incident. 1.3. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO). 1.4. Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL). 1.5. The Marine Pollution Control Unit (MPCU). 1.6. The Current Situation Regarding Spillage Response. 1.7. The Exxon Valdez Incident. 1.8. The Sea Empress Incident. 1.9. The Current Position and Prospects for the Future. 1.10. Scope Of the Present Book.2: The Oil-Water System. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Droplet Migration Rates (Stokes' Law). 2.3. Droplet Coalescence. 2.4. Oil Tanker Operations. 2.5. General Ship Operations. 2.6. The IMO Test Specification for Oil-Water Separators. 2.7. The Performance of Separators on the IMO Test. 2.8. Port Reception Facilities and Special Area Status. 2.9. On-Line Oil-in-Water Monitoring. 2.10. Emulsions of Water-in-Oil. 2.11. Dispersion of Oil and Emulsion as Droplets. 2.12. Assessment and Conclusions. 3: Factors Affecting the Fate of Oil After Release at Sea. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Processes Which Affect Released Oil. 3.3. Combustion. 3.4. Physical Properties of Oils Relevant to the Above Processes. 3.5. Classification of Oils on the Basis of Physical Properties.3.6. Dispersion Rates Estimated on the Basis of the Physical Properties Classification. 3.7. The Advection-Diffusion Model of Dispersive Spreading of Oil Slicks. 3.8. The Use of Computerised Fate Models and Databases. 3.9. Assessment and Conclusions. 4: Environmental Impacts and Physical Consequences Relevant to Response Design. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. The Marine Ecosystem. 4.3. Quantification of Inputs. 4.4. The Nature of the Effects. 4.5. Comparison of Biological and Economic Effects. 4.6. Observed Impacts at Past Oil Releases. 4.7. Strategy, Aims, and Objectives of Oil Spill Response. 4.8. Factors Relevant to the Development of Response Techniques and Equipment. 4.9. Assessment and Conclusions. 5: The Use of Dispersants. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Dispersant Approvals Scheme. 5.3. Means of Dispersant Application. 5.4. Choice of Aircraft for Dispersant Spraying Operations. 5.5. Viscosity Limits on Dispersant Effectiveness. 5.6. Further Investigation of Operational Dispersant Spraying. 5.7. Investigation of Demulsifier Action On Emulsified Slicks at Sea. 5.8. The Feasibility of Oil Slick Combustion as an Alternative to Dispersant Treatment. 5.9. The Need for More Efficient Dispersants and Demulsifiers. 5.10. Future Investigation of Dispersant Action. 5.11. Assessment and Conclusions. 6: Oil Recovery From Water Surfaces. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Criteria for Boom Design and Selection. 6.3. Elements of Boom Design. 6.4. Performance of Booms. 6.5. Modes of Deployment for Booms. 6.6. Other Possible Collection and Containment Systems. 6.7. Performance of Oil Skimmers. 6.8. Inshore Vessel Mounted Skimmer Systems. 6.9