World Vegetables

I Introduction.- 1 Vegetables and the World Food Supply.- World Food Situation.- World Vegetable Production.- Energy Consideration in Crop Production.- International Trade of Vegetables.- 2 Origin and Evolution of Vegetables.- Man Before Agriculture.- World Centers of Origin of Some Vegetables According to Vavilov.- 3 Vegetable Classifications.- Importance of Classification.- Basis for Classification.- Types of Classification of Vegetables.- Classification According to Season Grown.- Classification of Vegetables Based on Use, Botany, or a Combination of Both.- Classification by Edible Part.- Classification of Vegetables According to Salt Tolerance.- Classification of Vegetables According to Tolerance to Soil Acidity.- Classification by Root Depth into Soil.- Classification by Habitat.- 4 Importance of Vegetables in Nutrition.- Nutrients in Foods.- Factors Affecting Amounts of Nutrients in Vegetables.- Losses and Stability of Nutrients.- Vegetables as a Source of Nutrients.- Assessment of Nutritive Values of Vegetables and Efficiency of Nutrient Production.- 5 Toxic Substances and Folk Medicinal Uses of Vegetables.- Types of Toxicants in Plants.- Toxicants and Folk Medicinal Uses of Some Vegetables.- II Principles of Growing Vegetables.- 6 Environmental Factors Influencing the Growth of Vegetables.- Climate Factors.- Moisture.- Light.- Winds.- Classification of Climates Useful in Crop Ecology.- Physiographic and Edaphic Factors.- Man’s Role in Affecting the Environment.- 7 Devices and Means of Controlling Climate for Vegetable Production in Adverse Climates and During Off Seasons.- Temperature Control.- Transplanting and Hardening.- Other Regulation of Plant Growth.- III World Vegetables.- 8 Global View of Vegetable Usage.- Sources of Vegetables Used for Food.- Starchy Roots, Tubers, and Fruits.- Succulent Roots, Bulbs, Tops, and Fruits.- A Starchy Roots, Tubers and Fruits.- 9 White or Irish Potato.- Text.- 10 Sweet Potato.- Text.- 11 Cassava (Manioc).- Text.- 12 Yam.- Text.- 13 Edible Aroids: Taro, Yautia, and Others.- Taro and Yautia.- Minor Aroids.- 14 Other Starchy Underground Vegetables.- Edible Canna.- Arrowroot or Bamboo Tuber.- Leren.- Arracacha.- Oca.- Ulluca.- Anu.- Jerusalem Artichoke.- Jicama or Yam Bean.- Potato Bean.- Kudzu.- Chinese Artichoke.- 15 Sweet Corn.- Text.- 16 Plantain (Starchy Banana) and Breadfruit.- Plantain.- Breadfruit.- B Succulent Roots, Bulbs, Tops, and Fruits.- 17 Alliums: Onion, Garlic, and Others.- Onion: Allium cepa.- Garlic: Allium sativum.- Leek: Allium ampeloprasum, Porrum Group (A. porrum).- Kurrat: Allium ampeloprasum, Kurrat Group.- Greathead Garlic or Elephant Garlic: Allium ampeloprasum, Ampeloprasum Group.- Shallot: Allium cepa, Aggregatum Group.- Multiplier Onion or Potato Onion: Allium cepa, Aggregatum Group.- Ever-Ready Onion: Allium cepa, Aggregatum Group.- Egyptian Onion, Tree Onion, or Topset Onion: Allium cepa, Proliferum Group (also A. cepa var. viviparum).- Pearl Onion: Allium ampeloprasum, Ampeloprasum Group.- Japanese Bunching Onion (Negi) or Welsh Onion: Allium fistulosum.- Chives: Allium schoenoprasum.- Rakkyo, Chia-Tou: Allium chinenese (A. Bakerii).- Chinese Chive, Kau Tsoi, Nira: Allium tuberosum.- Allium Flavor and Lachrymator.- 18 Composites.- Lettuce: Lactuca sativa.- Endive, Escarole: Cichorum endiva.- Globe Artichoke: Cynara Scolymas; and Cardoon or Cardoni: Cynara Cardunculus.- Salsify, Vegetable Oyster, Oyster Plant: Tragopogon porrifolius.- Garland Chrysanthemum, Shungiku (Japanese), Kor Tongho (Chinese): Chrysanthemum coronarium.- Edible Burdock, Gobo: Arcticum lappa.- Butter Bur, Fuki (Japanese), Feng Tou Tsai (Chinese): Petasites japonica.- 19 Crucifers.- Cole Crops: Brassica oleracea.- Turnip, Chinese Cabbages, Mustard: Brassica campestris.- Winter Radish, Lobok, Daikon: Raphanus sativus (Longipinnatus Group).- Rocket Salad, Roquette, Gargeer, Roka: Eruca sativa.- Watercress: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum.- Horseradish: Armoracia rusticana.- Sea Kale: Crambe maritima.- Maca: Lepidium meyenii.- Garden Cress, Pepper Grass: Lepidium sativum.- 20 Umbellifers: Carrot, Celery, and Condiment Herbs.- Carrot: Daucus carota.- Celery: Apium graveolens.- Parsnip: Pastinaca sativa.- Parsley and Turnip-Rooted Parsley: Petroselinum crispum (Petroselinum hortense).- Japanese Honewort, Mitsuba: Cryptotaenia japonica.- Water Dropwort, Water Celery, Seri: Oenanthe javanica (Oenanthe stolonifera).- 21 Vegetable Legumes.- Legumes.- Peas: Pisum sativum.- Snap or String Bean, French Bean, Frijoles: Phaseolus vulgaris.- Lima Beans, Butter Beans, Sieva Bean: Phaseolus lunatus (P. limensis).- Soybean, Soya: Glycine max.- Peanut, Ground Nut, Goober, Monkey Nut: Arachis hypogaea.- Pigeon Pea, Red Gram, Congo Pea: Cajanus cojan (C. indicus).- Sword Bean: Canavalia gladiata; and Jack Bean: Canavalia ensiformis.- Chick Pea, Garbanzo Bean, Indian or Bengal Gram: Cicer arietinum.- Cluster Bean, Guar: Cyamposis tetragonobus (C. psoralioides).- Hyacinth Bean, Lablab Bean, Indian and Egyptian Bean: Lablab niger (Lablab vulgaris, Dolichos lablab).- Chickling Pea, Grass Pea: Lathyrus sativus.- Lentil: Lens esculenta (Lens culinarus) (Ervumlens).- Egyptian Lupine: Lupinus termis.- Mat or Moth Bean: Phaseolus acnitifolius.- Adzuki Bean, Azuki: Phaseolus angularis.- Mung Bean, Green or Golden Gram: Phaseolus aureus (Vigna aureus).- Rice Bean, Red Bean: Phaseolus calcaratus.- Scarlet Runner Bean: Phaseolus coccineus (P. multiflorus).- Black Gram, Urid: Phaseolus mungo (Vigna mungo).- Winged Bean, Goa Bean, Four-Angled Bean: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus.- Fenugreek, Fenugrec, Metha (India): Trigonella foenum-graceum).- Fava Bean, Broad Bean, Horse Bean, Windsor Bean: Vicia faba (Faba vulgaris).- Yardlong Bean, Cowpeas: Vigna spp..- Bambara Ground Nut, Madagascar Peanut: Voandzeia subterranea.- 22 Solanaceous Fruits: Tomato, Eggplant, Peppers, and Others.- Tomato, Tomate: Lycopersicon esculentum (Lycopersicon lycopersicum); and Currant Tomato: Lycopersicon pimpinel-lifolium.- Eggplant, Aubergine, Guinea Squash, Brinjal, Berenjena: Solanum melongena.- Pepper, Pimenton, Chile, Aji: Capsicum annuum.- African Eggplant: Solanum macrocarpon.- Pepino, Pepino Dulce, Melon Pear: Solanum muricatum.- Naranjillo, Lulo: Solanum quitoense.- Garden Huckleberry: Solanum nigrum.- Jilo: Solanum gilo.- Tomatillo, Tomate de Cascarna: Physalis ixocarpa.- Ground Cherry, Husk Tomato: Physalis purinosa.- Cape-Gooseberry, Uchuba: Physalis peruviana.- Tree Tomato, Tamarillo: Cyphomandra betacea.- 23 Cucurbits.- Cucurbits.- Cucumber: Cucumis sativus.- Gherkins (West Indian), Bur Gherkin: Cucumis anguria.- Muskmelons, Cantaloupe, Honeydew: Cucumis melo.- Oriental Pickling Melon, Uri (Japan), Yueh Kua (China): Cucumis melo var. conomon.- Watermelon, Sandia (Spanish): Citrullus vulgaris (Citrullus lanatus).- Squashes and Pumpkins: Curcurbita spp..- Mature Fruits: Wax, White, or Ash Gourd, Chinese Winter Melon, Ton Kwa: and Immature Fruits: Chinese Squash, Mo Kwa: Benincasa hispida.- Bottle Gourd, White-Flowered Gourd, Calabash Gourd, Mo Kwa: Lagenaria siceraria.- Chayote, Vegetable Pear, Mirliton, Chocho, Chayotl: Sechium edule.- Balsam Pear, Bittermelon or Gourd, Bitter Cucumber, Fu Kwa: Momordica charantia.- Smooth Loofah, Dishcloth Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Hechima: Luffa cylindrica and Chinese Okra, Angled Loofah: Luffa acutangula.- Snake Gourd: Trichosanthes anguida (T. cucumerina).- Caihua, Achoccha, Korila, Wild Cucumber: Cyclanthera pedata.- 24 Chenopods.- Spinach: Spinacia oleracea.- Table Beets: Beta vulgaris.- Swiss Chard, Chard, Spinach Beets or Sea Kale Beets: (Beta vulgaris) (Cicla Group).- Orache(e), Mountain Spinach, French Spinach, Sea Purslane: Atriplex hortensis.- 25 Other Succulent Vegetables.- Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis.- Bamboo Shoot: Phyllostachys, Denrocalamus, Bambusa and SasaGenera.- Ginger: Zingiber officinale.- Matai, Water Chestnut: Eleochoris dulcis (E. tuberosa).- Lotus, East Indian Lotus, Sacred Lotus: Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbrium nelumbo).- Edible Amaranth, Amaranth, Chinese Spinach, Tampalo: Amaranthus tricolor (A. gangeticus and A. oleraceus).- Jew’s Mallow, Jute Mallow, Tossa Jute, Molokhia: Corchorus olitorius.- Malabar Spinach, Malabar Nightshade, India Spinach, Ceylon Spinach: Basella alba IB. rubra and B. cordifolia).- New Zealand Spinach: Tetragonia expansa (T. tetragonioides).- Okra, Gumbo, Lady’s Finger, Quiabo, Bhindi: Hibiscus esculentus (Abelmoschus esculentus) Purslane, Garden Purslane: Portulaca oleracea.- Water Spinach, Water Convulvulus, Swamp Cabbage, Kang Kong (Southeast Asia), Ong Tsoi (Chinese): Ipomoea aquatica (I. reptans).- Mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (Psalliota campestris, Agaricus campestris).- Straw Mushroom, Padi Straw Mushroom, Chinese Mushroom: Volvariella volvacea (Volvariella esculenta).- Shiitake, Black Mushroom, Forest Mushroom: Lentinus edodes (Cortinellus Berkeleyanus).